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The evolution of puppy dog eyes

寵物狗狗的眼睛進(jìn)化

? alexandra_k / Adobe Stock

上海譯銳翻譯          2019-6-20               14:17p.m.

Dogs have evolved new muscles around the eyes to better communicate with humans.

為了能夠更好地與人類交流，寵物狗的眼部進(jìn)化出了新的肌肉。

New research comparing the anatomy and behavior of dogs and wolves suggests dogs' facial anatomy has changed over thousands of years specifically to allow them to better communicate with humans.

在一項(xiàng)對(duì)比狗和狼解剖構(gòu)造和行為的新研究中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)狗狗的臉部解剖構(gòu)造在數(shù)千年來(lái)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了特定的改變。這一特定改變可以使狗狗更好的與人類進(jìn)行交流。

In the first detailed analysis comparing the anatomy and behavior of dogs and wolves, researchers found that the facial musculature of both species was similar, except above the eyes. Dogs have a small muscle, which allows them to intensely raise their inner eyebrow, which wolves do not.

在第一項(xiàng)細(xì)節(jié)分析中，研究人員對(duì)比了狗和狼的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和行為。研究人員在對(duì)比中發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了眼部上方的區(qū)域，兩個(gè)物種的臉部肌肉組織類似。狗狗的眼部上方有小肌肉，小肌肉可以讓狗狗大幅抬起內(nèi)眉，而狼卻無(wú)法做到這一點(diǎn)。

The authors suggest that the inner eyebrow raising movement triggers a nurturing response in humans because it makes the dogs' eyes appear larger, more infant like and also resembles a movement humans produce when they are sad.

研究作者表示，內(nèi)眉的抬起動(dòng)作會(huì)激發(fā)人類的呵護(hù)反應(yīng)，因?yàn)樘饍?nèi)眉會(huì)讓狗狗的眼睛看上去更大，更像嬰兒，同時(shí)也像人類悲傷時(shí)的表情。

The research team, led by comparative psychologist Dr Juliane Kaminski, at the University of Portsmouth, included a team of behavioural and anatomical experts in the UK and USA.

樸次茅斯大學(xué)比較心理學(xué)家Juliane Kaminski博士所帶領(lǐng)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)包括英美兩國(guó)的行為學(xué)和解剖學(xué)專家。

It is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

研究結(jié)果被刊登在《美國(guó)科學(xué)院院報(bào)》上。

Dr Kaminski said: "The evidence is compelling that dogs developed a muscle to raise the inner eyebrow after they were domesticated from wolves.

Kaminski博士表示：“有充分的證據(jù)證明，當(dāng)狼被馴養(yǎng)成為狗后，狗狗進(jìn)化出一種可以抬起內(nèi)眉的肌肉。”

"We also studied dogs' and wolves' behavior, and when exposed to a human for two minutes, dogs raised their inner eyebrows more and at higher intensities than wolves.

“我們還研究了狗和狼在2分鐘內(nèi)面對(duì)人類時(shí)的行為。與狼相比，狗抬起內(nèi)眉的頻率和幅度都比狼要大。”

"The findings suggest that expressive eyebrows in dogs may be a result of humans unconscious preferences that influenced selection during domestication. When dogs make the movement, it seems to elicit a strong desire in humans to look after them. This would give dogs, that move their eyebrows more, a selection advantage over others and reinforce the 'puppy dog eyes' trait for future generations."

“研究結(jié)果表明，狗狗具有表現(xiàn)力的眉毛可能是人類無(wú)意識(shí)偏好的結(jié)果。在狗狗被馴化的過(guò)程中，被偏愛(ài)的狗狗會(huì)受到人類這種無(wú)意識(shí)偏好的影響。當(dāng)狗狗抬起眉毛時(shí)，這一動(dòng)作似乎能夠喚起人類強(qiáng)烈的照顧欲望。而這也會(huì)讓更多抬起眉毛的狗狗比其他狗狗更受到偏愛(ài)并在未來(lái)的后代中強(qiáng)化了這一‘眼部特征’?！?/p>

Dr Kaminski's previous research showed dogs moved their eyebrows significantly more when humans were looking at them compared to when they were not looking at them.

Kaminski博士此前的研究證明，與人類不注視狗狗相比，當(dāng)人類注視著狗狗時(shí)，狗狗抬起眉毛的次數(shù)會(huì)更加頻繁。

She said: "The AU101 movement is significant in the human-dog bond because it might elicit a caring response from humans but also might create the illusion of human-like communication."

她表示：“AU101動(dòng)作對(duì)于狗狗和人類之間的關(guān)系意義重大，因此這一動(dòng)作可能會(huì)喚起人類的呵護(hù)反應(yīng)，并同時(shí)讓人產(chǎn)生一種類似于人與人類溝通的感覺(jué)?！?/p>

Lead anatomist Professor Anne Burrows, at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA, co-author of the paper, said: "To determine whether this eyebrow movement is a result of evolution, we compared the facial anatomy and behaviour of these two species and found the muscle that allows for the eyebrow raise in dogs was, in wolves, a scant, irregular cluster of fibres.

來(lái)自美國(guó)匹茲堡迪尤肯大學(xué)的教授、首席解剖學(xué)家以及論文的合著者Anne Burrow表示：“為了判斷眉毛動(dòng)作是否為進(jìn)化的結(jié)果，我們對(duì)比了這兩個(gè)物種的面部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和行為并發(fā)現(xiàn)可以讓狗狗眉毛抬起的肌肉在狼的面部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)中只是一丁點(diǎn)且不規(guī)則的纖維束?！?/p>

"The raised inner eyebrow movement in dogs is driven by a muscle which doesn't consistently exist in their closest living relative, the wolf.

能夠讓狗狗抬起內(nèi)眉的肌肉并沒(méi)有在狗狗最為接近的現(xiàn)存物種-即狼身上發(fā)現(xiàn)。

"This is a striking difference for species separated only 33,000 years ago and we think that the remarkably fast facial muscular changes can be directly linked to dogs' enhanced social interaction with humans."

“對(duì)于這兩個(gè)在3萬(wàn)3千年前分離的物種而言，這是最為顯著的區(qū)別。我們認(rèn)為這一快速的面部肌肉變化與狗狗不斷提升的、與人類之間的社交互動(dòng)有直接關(guān)系?！?/p>

Dr Kaminski and co-author, evolutionary psychologist Professor Bridget Waller, also at the University of Portsmouth, previously mapped the facial muscular structure of dogs, naming the movement responsible for a raised inner eyebrow the Action Unit (AU) 101.

Kaminski博士和論文合著者、樸茨茅斯大學(xué)的教授及進(jìn)化心理學(xué)家Bridget Waller在早些時(shí)候繪制出了狗狗的面部肌肉結(jié)構(gòu)，并將負(fù)責(zé)抬起內(nèi)眉毛的運(yùn)動(dòng)命名為AU101.

Professor Waller said: "This movement makes a dogs' eyes appear larger, giving them a childlike appearance. It could also mimic the facial movement humans make when they're sad.

Waller教授表示：“這一動(dòng)作讓狗狗的眼睛看上去更大并讓狗狗有一種孩童般的外觀。此外，狗狗還能模擬人類在傷心時(shí)的面部表情?！?/p>

"Our findings show how important faces can be in capturing our attention, and how powerful facial expression can be in social interaction."

“我們的研究結(jié)果表明，臉在吸引我們的注意力方面非常重要，同時(shí)面部表情在社交方面也發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用。”

Co-author and anatomist Adam Hartstone-Rose, at North Carolina State University, USA, said: "These muscles are so thin that you can literally see through them -- and yet the movement that they allow seems to have such a powerful effect that it appears to have been under substantial evolutionary pressure. It is really remarkable that these simple differences in facial expression may have helped define the relationship between early dogs and humans."

論文的合著者、解剖學(xué)家以及來(lái)自美國(guó)北卡羅萊納州立大學(xué)的Adam Hartstone-Rose表示：“這些肌肉非常薄，以至于你幾乎可以透過(guò)肌肉看到對(duì)面的東西--但是這些肌肉所實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作似乎具有如此有力的影響，以至于它似乎經(jīng)歷了巨大的進(jìn)化壓力。讓人無(wú)法忽略的是，這些簡(jiǎn)單的面部表情區(qū)別似乎已經(jīng)幫助我們定義了早期犬類和人類之間的關(guān)系?！?/p>

Co-author Rui Diogo, an anatomist at Howard University, Washington DC, USA, said: "I must admit that I was surprised to see the results myself because the gross anatomy of muscles is normally very slow to change in evolution, and this happened very fast indeed, in just some dozens of thousands of years."

論文的合著者、美國(guó)華盛頓特區(qū)霍華德大學(xué)的解剖學(xué)家Rui Diogo表示：“我必須承認(rèn)，當(dāng)我親眼看到這一結(jié)果時(shí)，我很吃驚。因?yàn)?，肌肉的大體解剖進(jìn)化過(guò)程中發(fā)生改變的速度通常很慢。而狗狗的這一肌肉變化卻如此迅速，僅用了大概幾萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間。”

Soft tissue, including muscle, doesn't tend to survive in the fossil record, making the study of this type of evolution harder.

包括肌肉在內(nèi)的軟組織無(wú)法在化石記錄中保留，因而導(dǎo)致這一進(jìn)化類型的研究更為困難。

The only dog species in the study that did not have the muscle was the Siberian husky, which is among more ancient dog breeds.

研究中唯一沒(méi)有這種肌肉的狗狗物種是西伯利亞的哈士奇。哈士奇是最為古老的犬類之一。

An alternative reason for the human-dog bond could be that humans have a preference for other individuals which have whites in the eye and that intense AU 101 movements exposes the white part of the dogs eyes.

另一個(gè)解釋人類和狗狗聯(lián)系的原因是人類對(duì)另一些眼部帶有白色眼球的人類有偏好，而AU101動(dòng)作則會(huì)顯示出狗狗眼睛中的白色部分。

It is not known why or precisely when humans first brought wolves in from the cold and the evolution from wolf to dog began, but this research helps us understand some of the likely mechanisms underlying dog domestication.

人類為什么會(huì)將狼馴化或人類具體從何時(shí)開(kāi)始馴化狼以及狼從狗的進(jìn)化從何時(shí)開(kāi)始，目前這些都尚未知曉。但是這一研究可以幫助我們理解狗狗馴化所隱含的部分類似機(jī)理。

要了解的詞匯：

Musculature：肌肉系統(tǒng)/組織

Domesticate:馴化

Closest living relative：最為接近的現(xiàn)存物種

striking difference：顯著不同

Capture attention:吸引注意力

文章來(lái)源：科學(xué)日?qǐng)?bào)    編輯：上海譯銳翻譯Susan