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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019: Lithium-ion batteries

2019年諾貝爾化學獎：鋰電池

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 to John B. Goodenough, of The University of Texas at Austin, USA, M. Stanley Whittingham, of Binghamton University, State University of New York, USA, and Akira Yoshino of Asahi Kasei Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, and Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan "for the development of lithium-ion batteries."

瑞典皇家科學院決定將2019年諾貝爾化學獎頒發給“創造出鋰電池”的美國奧斯汀德克薩斯大學的John B. Goodenough，美國紐約州立大學賓漢姆頓分校的M. Stanley Whittingham和日東京旭化成株式會社兼日本名古屋名城大學的Akira Yoshino。

They created a rechargeable world

他們創造了可充電的世界

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 rewards the development of the lithium-ion battery. This lightweight, rechargeable and powerful battery is now used in everything from mobile phones to laptops and electric vehicles. It can also store significant amounts of energy from solar and wind power, making possible a fossil fuel-free society.

2019諾貝爾化學獎將獎項頒給了鋰電池。這種輕質、可再次充電且電量強勁的電池現在用于從手機、筆記本電腦到電動汽車等需要用電的一切領域。此外，鋰電子還可以存儲來自于太陽能和風能的大量電能，并讓不再依靠礦物燃料成為可能。

Lithium-ion batteries are used globally to power the portable electronics that we use to communicate, work, study, listen to music and search for knowledge. Lithiumion batteries have also enabled the development of long-range electric cars and the storage of energy from renewable sources, such as solar and wind power.

鋰電池在全球用于為便攜式電子產品提供電能。我們利用這些便攜式電子產品溝通、工作、學習、聽音樂以及搜索信息。鋰電池還有助于推出遠距離電動汽車以及存儲來自于可再生能源，比如太陽能和風能的電能。

The foundation of the lithium-ion battery was laid during the oil crisis in the 1970s. Stanley Whittingham worked on developing methods that could lead to fossil fuel-free energy technologies. He started to research superconductors and discovered an extremely energy-rich material, which he used to create an innovative cathode in a lithium battery. This was made from titanium disulphide which, at a molecular level, has spaces that can house -- intercalate -- lithium ions.

鋰電池出現于20世紀70年代的石油危機。Stanley Whittingham致力于找到無需利用礦物燃料獲取能源的技術。他開始研究超導體并發現一種蘊含極其豐富能量的材料。這種材料被他用來在鋰電池中創造一種創新型的陰極。這種材料的生產原料是二硫化鈦。二硫化鈦在分子狀態下擁有可以存放嵌入物-鋰離子的空間。

The battery's anode was partially made from metallic lithium, which has a strong drive to release electrons. This resulted in a battery that literally had great potential, just over two volts. However, metallic lithium is reactive and the battery was too explosive to be viable.

電池的陽極部分用金屬鋰制成。金屬鋰具有強烈的電子釋放沖動。這就使電池實際上擁有剛剛超過2伏的巨大電能。然而，由于金屬鋰易于反應，因此電池也因為太容易爆炸而無法投入使用。

John Goodenough predicted that the cathode would have even greater potential if it was made using a metal oxide instead of a metal sulphide. After a systematic search, in 1980 he demonstrated that cobalt oxide with intercalated lithium ions can produce as much as four volts. This was an important breakthrough and would lead to much more powerful batteries.

Johon Goodenough預測到，如果陰極用金屬氧化物而非金屬硫化物制作，那么它將擁有更大的能量。在經過系統的搜尋后，1980年，他通過展示證實，帶有嵌入式鋰離子的氧化鈷最多可以產生4伏的電能。這項重要突破可能帶來更加具有能量的電池。

With Goodenough's cathode as a basis, Akira Yoshino created the first commercially viable lithium-ion battery in 1985. Rather than using reactive lithium in the anode, he used petroleum coke, a carbon material that, like the cathode's cobalt oxide, can intercalate lithium ions.

以Goodenough的陰極為基礎，Akira Yoshino 在1985年創造出首個可以用于商業用途的鋰電池。Akira Yoshino 并未在陽極中使用反應過于活躍的鋰，相反，他選擇使用石油焦油，一種類似于陰極氧化鈷的可以嵌入鋰離子的碳材料。

The result was a lightweight, hardwearing battery that could be charged hundreds of times before its performance deteriorated. The advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are not based upon chemical reactions that break down the electrodes, but upon lithium ions flowing back and forth between the anode and cathode.

這一選擇創造了輕質堅固且可以反復充電數百次的電池。鋰電池的優勢在于它不靠化學反應而是依靠在陰極和陽極之間來回流動的鋰離子來分解電極。

Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionised our lives since they first entered the market in 1991. They have laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil fuel-free society, and are of the greatest benefit to humankind.

自1991年首次推向市場以來，鋰電池使我們的生活發生了翻天覆地的變化。它們奠定了一個無線且不再使用礦物燃料的世界并在最大程度造福了我們人類。

文章來源：科學日報   編輯：SUSANA