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It's been nearly 80 years since two nuclear bombs were detonated over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing at least 129,000 people, and causing devastating, long-term health effects.

距離2顆原子彈在日本廣島和長崎爆炸已經過了近80年。當時的原子彈爆炸致使至少12.9萬人死亡并對人們的健康造成了致命的長期影響。

Detonate：使爆炸、引爆

To date, those are the only instances of nuclear weapons being used for warfare, but the reality is there are roughly 12,700 warheads remaining in the world today. So, what would happen if nuclear war broke out tomorrow?

迄今為止，在戰爭中使用核武器僅此一例。但實際上，在當今，全球還有大約12.7萬個彈頭。那么，如果明天爆發了原子戰爭，又會發生什么呢？

Warhead：彈頭

Don't panic – this is just a hypothetical. But in the paper below, the team from AsapSCIENCE breaks down the science of nuclear bombs to predict how likely you'd be to survive. Let's just say, in the case of a nuclear blast, you would want to be wearing white.

不要驚慌-這只是一種假設。在以下的文章中，來自AsapSCIENCE的團隊會詳細解釋核彈的原理并會預測出如何才可以從核爆炸中幸存。這么說吧，如果出現核爆炸，你肯定希望自己穿的是白色的衣服。

First, let's get this out of the way – there is no clear-cut way to estimate the impact of a single nuclear bomb, because it depends on many factors, including the weather on the day it's dropped, the time of day it's detonated, the geographical layout of where it hits, and whether it explodes on the ground or in the air.

首先，讓我們來解決第一個問題-沒有哪一種方法可以明確預估一個核彈所造成的影響，因為這取決于很多因素，比如投下核彈當天的天氣情況，核彈爆炸的時間，核彈落下的地理位置以及核彈是在空氣中爆炸還是在落在地面后爆炸。

But, generally speaking, there are some predictable stages of a nuclear bomb blast that can affect the likelihood of your survival. 

但是，總的來說，核彈的某些階段是可以預測的，而這會影響到你存活的幾率。

Approximately 35 percent of the energy of a nuclear blast is released in the form of thermal radiation. Since thermal radiation travels at approximately the speed of light, the first thing that will hit you is a flash of blinding light and heat.

核爆炸所產生的能量中大約有35%會以熱輻射的形式排放。由于熱輻射的傳播速度大約和光速接近，所以首先擊中你的就是一道刺眼的光和熱。

The light itself is enough to cause something called flash blindness – a usually temporary form of vision loss that can last a few minutes.

這道光足以引起閃光失明-一種臨時性的失明，通常會持續幾分鐘。

flash blindness：閃光失明

The AsapSCIENCE video considers a 1 megaton bomb, which is 80 times larger than the bomb detonated over Hiroshima, but much smaller than many modern nuclear weapons.

 AsapSCIENCE的視頻里所介紹的是1百萬噸級的炸彈，其比投向廣島的原子彈大80倍，但是要比許多現代化的核武器小得多。

For a bomb that size, people up to 21 km (13 miles) away would experience flash blindness on a clear day, and people up to 85 km (52.8 miles) away would be temporarily blinded on a clear night.

對于一個這樣大小的炸彈，遠在21km（13英里）以外的人會在晴天遭受閃光失明，而遠在85km（52.8英里）外的人則可能在晴朗的夜晚遭受暫時失明。

Heat is an issue for those closer to the blast. Mild, first-degree burns can occur up to 11 km (6.8 miles) away, and third-degree burns – the kind that destroy and blister skin tissue – could affect anyone up to 8 km (5 miles) away. Third-degree burns that cover more than 24 percent of the body would likely be fatal if people don't receive medical care immediately. 

熱量對于離爆炸更近的人而言是一個大問題。輕度1級燒傷可能出現在離爆炸11km的地方，而3級燒傷-那種可以破壞并漲破皮膚組織的燒傷可能會影響到距離爆炸8km（5英里）遠的任何人。當3級燒傷占身體表面24%以上的面積時，如果不立即接受治療，則很可能是致命的。

Blister：漲破、爆裂

Those distances are variable, depending not just on the weather, but also on what you're wearing – white clothes can reflect some of the energy of a blast, while darker clothes will absorb it.

上面說到的距離并非一成不變，其具體取決于當天的天氣以及你穿著的衣服-白色的衣服可以反射掉部分爆炸所產生的能量，而深色的衣服則會吸收這些能量。

That's unlikely to make much difference for those unfortunate enough to be at the center of the explosion, though.

而對于那些不幸處在爆炸中心地帶的人們，則穿什么都不會有太大用處。

The temperatures near the site of the bomb blast during the Hiroshima explosion were estimated to be 300,000 degrees Celsius (540,000 degrees Fahrenheit) – which is roughly 300 times hotter than the temperature bodies are cremated at, so humans were almost instantly reduced to the most basic elements, like carbon.

在廣島原子彈爆炸中，核彈爆炸地附近的溫度預計達到了30萬攝氏度（54萬華氏度）-這大約是焚燒尸體的溫度的300倍，因此人幾乎會在瞬間被蒸發為最為基本的元素，比如碳。

But for those slightly farther away from the center of the blast, there are other effects to consider aside from heat. The blast of a nuclear explosion also drives air away from the site of the explosion, creating sudden changes in air pressure that can crush objects and knock down buildings.

但是，對于離爆炸中心稍遠一些的人而言，除了熱能外，還有其他影響。核爆炸會趕走爆炸地的空氣，并導致氣壓突然發生變化并從而可以摧毀物體并掀翻建筑物。

Within a 6-km (3.7-mile) radius of a 1-megaton bomb, blast waves would produce 180 metric tons of force on the walls of all two-story buildings, and wind speeds of 255 km/h (158 mph). In a 1-km (0.6-mile) radius, the peak pressure is four times that amount, and wind speeds can reach 756 km/h (470 mph).

在一個1百萬噸炸彈爆炸的半徑內（6公里），爆炸波會對一個2層建筑物的墻壁產生180立方噸的力，而風速則可達到255 km/h。在1公里的半徑內，峰值壓力是上述數值的4倍，而風速則會達到 756 km/h。

Technically, humans can withstand that much pressure, but most people would be killed by falling buildings.

從技術上講，人類是可以承受這么大的壓力的，但是絕大多數人可能會被傾倒的建筑物砸死。

If you somehow survive all of that, there's still the radiation poisoning to deal with – and the nuclear fallout. AsapSCIENCE touches on this in the video above, but the ongoing effects on the planet are longer-lasting than you might expect.

如果您有幸躲過了上述的影響，那么還要面對輻射中毒和核爆炸微粒沉降。 AsapSCIENCE 在上面的視頻中已經談到了這一點，但是這對地球的持續影響要比你所認為的要長。

radiation poisoning：輻射中毒/輻射病

For example, a simulation study published in 2019 found that a nuclear war between the United States and Russia would plunge Earth into a nuclear winter within days, due to the levels of smoke and soot released into the atmosphere.

比如說，在2019年發表的模擬研究發現，如果美國和俄羅斯之間發生核戰爭，則地球會由于高濃度的煙霧和粉塵排入大氣而在數天內形成核冬天。

We also know that radioactive particles can travel remarkably far; a recent study found that remnants of radioactive carbon from Cold War nuclear bomb tests have been found all the way down in the Mariana Trench, the deepest point of the world's oceans.

我們還知道放射性粒子可以傳播得非常遠。最近的研究發現，冷戰期間原子彈試驗所產生的放射性碳的殘余物還可以在馬里亞納海溝中找到，而馬里亞納海溝是世界上最深的海洋。

Again, all of this is hypothetical – there are international treaties in place to stop the spread and use of nuclear weapons, so we hope you never need to know any of this information for real.

再次申明，所有這一切均為假設-目前我們還有阻止核武器擴散和使用的國際公約，所以我們希望您永遠不需要真的了解任何這類信息。

文章來源：ScienceAlert

翻譯&編輯：上海譯銳翻譯