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In his 1915 travelogue, "Constantinople and Istanbul Old and New," H.G. Dwight writes, "Constantinople is a compromise, therefore, and not always a successful one, between north and south." In this instance, Dwight speaks of the jarring weather in the city, which blends the climate of regions to the north and south. H.G.Dwight在1915年的旅行日志《新舊之下的君士坦丁堡和伊斯坦布爾》中寫道，“君士坦丁堡是南北方間的一種妥協，因此君士坦丁堡并非始終是成功的象征。”在這里，Dwight提到了這座城市不協調的天氣。這里融合了北方和南方的氣候。 Yet, his statement also serves as an apt representation of the history of Constantinople (presently known as Istanbul), which is a city that stands as a centuries-long compromise — a melting pot — of peoples, religions and cultures. 然而，他的說法也算是對君士坦丁堡（現在的伊斯坦布爾）歷史的一種恰當說明。這是一座數百年來一直妥協的城市，這里是一個關于人、宗教和文化的大熔爐。 From the Greeks to the Romans 從希臘人到羅馬人 Way back in the time before the common era (C.E.), Constantinople was the ancient capital of the Byzantine empire, though it was known at the time as Byzantium. Byzas the Megarian gave the region its name in 700 B.C.E., and a small settlement of Greeks lived there until 300 B.C.E. 在公歷紀元前的很久以前，君士坦丁堡是拜占庭帝國的首都，然而當時它的名字還是拜占庭。來自墨伽拉的拜占斯（Byzas the Megarian）在公元前700年給這個城市取名拜占庭。當時，少數希臘人一直居住在這里，直到公元前300年。 common era ：公歷紀元 In 330 C.E., Roman emperor Constantine I declared Byzantium to be the 'New Rome.' The settlement transformed into the major center of Constantinople, named after its new Roman conqueror. The ancient Byzantium thrived under Roman rule for more than 1,000 years, even as other parts of the Roman Empire collapsed. 公元330年，羅馬皇帝君士坦丁一世宣布拜占庭為新羅馬。定居地也因此變成了君士坦丁堡（以新羅馬征服者的名字命名）的重要中心。在羅馬的統治下，即使是在羅馬帝國其他部分分崩離析的情況下，古代拜占庭還是繁榮發展了1000多年。 "Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. It moved from Rome in the 4th-5th centuries of the Common Era (C.E.). That was the formal foundation of the city [under] Emperor Constantine," says Cornell Fleischer. Fleischer is the Kanun? Süleyman professor of Ottoman and modern Turkish studies in Near Eastern languages and civilizations at The University of Chicago. “君士坦丁堡是東羅馬帝國的首都。它在公元第4到5世紀從羅馬脫離。這就為這座由君士坦丁皇帝所統治的城市奠定了基礎，”Cornell Fleischer說。Fleischer是芝加哥大學近東語言和文明中奧斯曼和現代土耳其研究教授。 According to Fleischer, Venetian rulers attempted to conquer the city through a Christian crusade, and were briefly successful, ruling over the area from 1204-1260 C.E. But, otherwise, the empire remained in the hands of the Romans, serving as the empire's central seat of power until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. 根據Fleischer的介紹，威尼斯的統治者們企圖通過十字軍東征征服這座城市。他們獲得了短暫的勝利并在公元1204年到1260年統治這一地區。但是，除此之外，帝國仍然處在羅馬人的手中。在奧斯曼帝國于1453年征服這里之前，這里是帝國的中央權力中心。 The Ottoman Conquest 奧斯曼的征服 But how did Constantinople fall into the hands of the Ottoman Empire? According to Fleischer, the Ottoman "polity" was one of many principalities in the Balkans and northwestern Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, in what is modern-day Turkey). 那么，君士坦丁堡是如何落入奧斯曼帝國的手中的呢？根據Fleischer的介紹，奧斯曼“政體”是巴爾干半島和安那托力亞西北部（也被稱為小亞細亞，位于現在的土耳其境內）諸多公國中的一個。 Polity：政體，政治組織，政治形態 "The Ottoman principality was the one that was the closest — the closest in a number of senses — to Constantinople, to the center of empire. And conquest of the city had been a dream of sorts for a very long time," says Fleischer. "Indeed, there are traditions of the Prophet Muhammad that referred to the conquest of the city — the conquest of Rome — as one of the events that will usher in the culmination of the end of history or the end of times, whatever that might be." “奧斯曼公國是在諸多方面最接近君士坦丁堡，即帝國中心的一個公國。在很長時間以來，征服這座城市一直是奧斯曼公國的夢想，”Fleischer說。“確實，根據奧斯曼公國的傳統，先知默罕默德提到征服這座城市-征服羅馬并將其作為若干迎接歷史或時代終結高潮的事件之一，不管那可能是什么。” There had been numerous attempted sieges of Constantinople starting in the late 1300s, but none had succeeded. But, finally, Sultan?Mehmed II toppled the city after a 55-day siege. His army bombarded the city's defenses by both land and sea until the seat of the Byzantine Empire crumbled May 29, 1453. 嘗試對君士坦丁堡進行圍攻從1300年代后期開始，這種嘗試進行了無數次，但沒有一次獲得成功。但是，經過55天的圍攻后，默罕默德蘇丹二世最終顛覆了這座城市。他的軍隊從陸地和海洋炸毀了這座城市的防御系統直到拜占庭帝國在于1453年5月29日分崩離析。 Siege：圍攻、包圍 Beyond Constantinople, the Ottomans had been steadily expanding their empire for decades, becoming a major world player in the process. "And the Ottomans had been pressing for several decades, and they had taken imperial territories in what had been the Balkans in particular — former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece. These areas were the cradle of what became the Ottoman empire." 除了君士坦丁堡，奧斯曼人在數十年來還在不斷擴大他們的帝國并在這一過程中在全球扮演著重要的角色。“奧斯曼人在數十年來一直不斷擴張，他們所占領的帝國領土就包括巴爾干半島-前南斯拉夫、匈牙利、希臘。這些地方是奧斯曼帝國的發源地。” Remaking the City 城市的重塑 The Byzantine Empire had been in severe decline at the time of its conquest in 1453. Even though Constantinople was one of the largest cities in the world, its population had seriously dwindled, according to Fleischer. Fleischer says that census records from the time determine Constantinople's population to have been 30,000 people shortly after the conquest. 1453年，在征服世界的時候，拜占庭帝國經歷了數次衰退。據Fleischer介紹，盡管君士坦丁堡是世界上最大的城市之一，它的人口還是嚴重縮減了。Fleischer說，當時統計君士坦丁堡人口數量的人口普查記錄顯示，征服過后，君士坦丁堡的人口僅有3萬人。 "After the conquest, repopulation and reconstructions were major priorities," says Fleischer. The population eventually rebounded to 400,000-500,000 people by the next century, he says. “征服之后，重新補充人口以及重新建設是重中之重，”Fleischer說。到了下個世紀，人口最終重新反彈到40萬-50萬人。 One of the great rulers of Constantinople was Suleiman 'the Magnificent,' also commonly known as Suleiman 'the Lawgiver.' Suleiman's forefathers had done most of the heavy lifting of reconstructing Constantinople by ordering the creation of mosques, universities and hospitals. 蘇萊曼大帝是君士坦丁堡最偉大的統治者之一，也被稱為蘇萊曼大帝‘立法者’。蘇萊曼的祖先們通過下令建造清真寺、大學和醫院而完成了絕大多數重建君士坦丁堡的繁重工作。 "What Suleiman did was ... to build in a very distinctive architectural style imperial monuments in the form of mosques and schools and so forth throughout the territories [of the empire]," says Fleischer. “蘇萊曼在帝國境內建造了清真寺、學校等建筑風格獨特的地標性建筑，”Fleischer說。 One of the mosques that Suleiman commissioned, was the Süleymaniye Mosque. Constructed by architect Mimar Sinan in the 1550s, the imperial mosque became a significant religious and educational center. The mosque still stands in Istanbul today as the one must-see relics from the Ottoman Empire. 蘇萊曼下令建造的清真寺之一就是蘇萊曼清真寺。這座清真寺由建筑師Mimar Sinan于16世紀50年代建造。此后，這座帝國的清真寺成為了偉大的宗教和教育中心。如今，這座清真寺仍舊位于伊斯坦布爾并成為不可錯過的奧斯曼帝國遺址。 A Cultural, Religious and Commercial Hub 文化、宗教和商業中心 There is no specific date for when, exactly, Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. There had been several centers of power in the Ottoman Empire, including Bursa, which became the "intellectual and spiritual capital of the enterprise by the 15th century," according to Fleischer. But, he says, "with the conquest of Constantinople and its reconstruction and the construction of imperial mosques and universities, the center, by the middle of the 16th century, really moved to Constantinople." 君士坦丁堡成為奧斯曼帝國首都的日期目前并不明確。奧斯曼帝國境內存在有數個權利中心，比如布爾薩（Bursa）。據Fleischer介紹，“到15世紀時，布爾薩成為帝國的知識和精神中心”。但是，他說，“隨著君士坦丁堡被征服以及被重建-包括建設帝國清真寺和大學，到了16世紀中期，帝國的中心實際上已經轉移至到了君士坦丁堡。” Due to its significant geographic location at the crux of Europe and Asia, surrounded by both land and sea, Constantinople was well-positioned as not only a center of cultural and religious activity, but also as a commercial center. 由于位于歐亞交界處這一重要的地理位置并被陸地和大海所環繞，君士坦丁堡這一得天獨厚的地理位置使其不僅成為文化和宗教活動中心，還成為了商業中心。 Constantinople formed a hub, or "expanded network of trade routes," says Fleischer. "And the trade routes were augmented by the construction of caravanserai, which were structures for long-distance traders, all the way from Iran to the borders of what is now known as Austria." 君士坦丁堡構成了一個中心，或者說“擴大的貿易路線網”，Fleischer說。商隊客店的建設使得商業路線得以擴大。客店是專為長途貿易者建造的客店，其從伊朗一路延伸至如今奧地利的邊境。 Augment：增強、擴大、增加 Caravanserai：（舊時亞洲和北非沙漠地區的）商隊客店 Most notably, under the Ottoman Empire, a variety of religions and languages flourished, from Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians to Turkish-speaking Muslims. "The Ottomans weren't trying to convert everybody to Islam," says Fleischer. They saw themselves and presented themselves as protectors of all of the monotheistic religions of the world — meaning the Christians, the Jews, as well as the Muslims." 最值得注意的是，在奧斯曼帝國統治時期，各種宗教和語言，從講希臘語的東正教基督徒到講土耳其語的穆斯林，都得到了繁榮發展。“奧斯曼人并沒有試圖讓所有人都皈依伊斯蘭教，”Fleischer說。他們將自己看做是世界上所有一神論宗教--即基督教、猶太教和伊斯蘭教的保護者。” Monotheistic：一神論 As a result, Constantinople remained a majority non-Muslim area well into the 16th century. Instead of wholly dismantling pre-existing religious artifacts, the Ottoman Empire maintained them, retaining their architectural structures — such as large columns — even when converting them into churches and synagogues. 因此，到了16世紀，君士坦丁堡仍舊是一個絕大多數人口為非穆斯林的地區。除了將之前存在的人工宗教物品拆除外，即使是在將建筑物轉變為教堂和猶太會堂時，奧斯曼帝國還是保留了所有的宗教建筑及其建筑結構，比如巨大的圓形石柱。 Artifact：人工制品 Column：圓形石柱 "The large symbolic churches were converted into mosques. This was normal practice, particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the architecture being preserved, but modifications being made to allow for proper orientation for the direction of prayer and so on," says Fleischer. “大型的具有象征意義的教堂被轉變為清真寺。這在當時是普遍的做法，特別是在15和16世紀。建筑物被保留了下來，但是也會做一些調整，以使禱告能夠朝著正確的方向等，”Fleischer說。 Overall, the Ottoman rule favored multiculturalism. "In the Ottoman case, their policy of rule was based on inclusivity and capacity to maintain and tolerate a great deal of diversity," according to Fleischer. 總體而言，奧斯曼的統治更青睞多文化主義。“拿奧斯曼帝國的統治來說，他們的統治政策以包容性為主并盡量保持和容忍各種多樣性，”據Fleischer介紹。 Modern Istanbul Is a Multi-cultural City 現代的伊斯坦布爾是一個擁有多元文化的城市 Despite the changing of hands from the Byzantine to the Ottoman Empire, 'Constantinople' stayed in place as the formal name of the city until the early 20th century, when the last shreds of the Ottoman Empire crumbled and the Republic of Turkey began. 盡管統治者從拜占庭變為奧斯曼帝國，‘君士坦丁堡’仍然是這座城市的正式名稱，直到20世紀初期，也就是當奧斯曼帝國最后的殘留也崩塌殆盡且土耳其共和國誕生之際。 "The terminology of Constantinople in Arabic (Konstantiniye) was preserved. That was the official name of the place until the early 20th century when the empire was ended by the advent of the Republic," says Fleischer. “君士坦丁堡的阿拉伯語被保留了下來。在20世紀初之前，也就是帝國被共和國的成立而取代時，這個名字一直都是正式的官方名稱。” After that point, the city became more formally known by the name 'Istanbul,' which derives from the Greek phrase, "Stanbulin," meaning "to the city." However, residents of the city had colloquially referred to the city as Istanbul for many years before the official name change, switching between Istanbul and Constantinople depending on the situation. Many residents called the old part of the city 'Stamboul' well into the 19th century. 此后，城市的正式名稱逐漸轉變為‘伊斯坦布爾’，這個詞來自于希臘語“Stabulin”，表示“去這座城市”。然而，在正式更名之前的許多年前，城市居民都會通俗地將這座城市稱為伊斯坦布爾，并根據情境在伊斯坦布爾和君士坦丁堡之間來回切換。許多居民稱城市的舊城區為‘Stamboul’，直到19世紀。 Colloquially：白話、俗稱 The city continues to appeal to tourists for its multi-cultural heritage and profusion of different religious architectural sites. However, the current government under Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo?an has favored a country largely intended for Turkish, Sunni Muslims, according to Fleischer. 憑借具有多文化特色的遺產和豐富的不同宗教建筑遺跡，這座城市吸引力眾多的游客。然而，在土耳其總理埃爾多安 領導下的當今政府則更傾向于將這座城市變成土耳其人和穆斯林遜尼教派的城市。 The end result has "meant that the so-called minority populations, particularly the Christians and Jews, have shrunk substantially through emigration," says Fleischer. "I'm not sure that many people who live in greater metropolitan Istanbul today would recognize that Constantinople was the name of the place until sometime nearly within the reach of living memory." 最終的結果是“所謂的少數民族，特別是基督徒和猶太教徒的數量由于移民而大幅減少，”Fleischer說。“除了偶爾鮮活的記憶，我不知道還有多少如今居住在伊斯坦布爾這座大都市的人們能夠記起君士坦丁堡曾經是這座城市的名字。” minority populations：少數民族 來源：HOW STUFF WORKS 編輯&翻譯：上海譯銳翻譯Susan