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在進行英語寫作之前,除了文章本身的架構外,我們還會使用各種方法將單個的句子連在一起。這樣會使我們的文章避免一些不必要的重復,讀起來更加流暢自然,同時也更加有益于讀者去理解我們所表達的觀點。以下幾點可以讓我們的英語寫作更加連貫、意思更加明確:
聯接
當我們寫作或講話時,我們會使用某些類型的詞來指代我們已經提到或解釋過的事情。在這里,人稱代詞就發揮了非常重要的作用。具體請看以下的例子:
Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. They are not as common today as they used to be but there are three main cases where you should use them.
如果此處沒有使用代詞,那么句子就會變成這樣:
Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. Hyphens are not as common today as hyphens used to be but there are three main cases where you should use hyphens.
Four uses of the noun ‘hyphen’ makes the paragraph repetitious and awkward: replacing the noun with pronouns results in a tighter and more elegant structure.
除了第一句外,后面的句子中又出現四次“hyphen”,這時整個段落就會顯得啰嗦、笨重。那么,用代詞取代所指名詞后,整個句子就會變得更加緊湊,同時也更加自然。
總體來說,用代詞來替代名詞會讓整篇文章更加短小精悍,文章的含義也更加明確。但是,在使用代詞的時候也需要注意頻次,以確保讀者能夠正確理解代詞所指代的事情,并避免混淆。
聯接
有許多詞可以將一篇文章的不同部分連接在一起。這些詞語會發揮各種作用,其中最重要的作用包括以下幾個方面。
補充或列舉不同的觀點
When we are giving an explanation, for example, or developing an argument in a piece of writing, we often need to organize our points in a particular order. Using words like firstly and secondly helps indicate the relative importance of the different points, and make the piece of writing into a coherent whole. For example:
當我們在一篇文章中解釋某個觀點,或展開論證時,我們通常需要按次序組織我們的觀點。那么,firstly和sencondly這樣的詞可以幫助我們按重要性羅列我們的不同觀點,并讓我們的寫作更加連貫。比如:
The cyclists were clearly at fault: firstly in riding straight across the road and secondly in riding two abreast.
有時,雖然沒有必要按照重要性對我們的不同觀點進行排序,但是我們可能希望將不同的觀點聯系起來,比如:
I learned a lot about history, architecture, and literature. Also, as a single traveller, I met many other visitors to Paris.
其他可以將不同觀點聯系起來的詞包括:
as well
at the same time
additionally
besides
finally
first
furthermore
in addition
last
meanwhile
moreover
next
soon
then
too
what is more
舉例說明某個觀點
當你希望在某篇文章中表達某個具體的觀點時,你通常需要引出一個能夠表明你論點的事實或細節,比如
We can find many examples of public money being wasted on projects that benefit very few people. For example, the fast ferries cost hundreds of millions of dollars and they don't even work properly.
其他具有相同含義的表達包括:
as follows
by way of illustration
namely
such as
to give an example
解釋造成某件事的原因和/或結果
段落中的某句話通常與上一句話有邏輯聯系,我們可以使用很多詞讓前后兩句話有邏輯關系,比如:
No regulatory authority was established to control fares. As a result, bus companies are free to set fares at whatever level they believe will deliver a commercial return.
其他表明邏輯關系的詞包括:
accordingly
as a consequence
consequently
for this reason
hence
in consequence
so
that being the case
therefore
thus
進行對照
當你希望在文章中進行對比時,比如
Replacing draughty windows with double-glazed units will save money. Alternatively, you can fit the original wooden windows with double-glazed panes.
其他可以用來表達對比含義的詞包括:
all the same
alternatively
anyway
by contrast
conversely
despite this
even so
however
instead
in spite of this
nevertheless
nonetheless
rather
yet
當進行英語寫作時,我們需要思考前后句子之間的關系,以及前后段落之間的關系。在確定前后句以及前后段落之間的關系后,我們就可以選擇合適的表達詞語。當我們的讀者在閱讀我們的文章時,讀者可以很輕松的跟上我們的思路并了解我們所表達的中心思想。
以上文章由專業英語翻譯公司-譯銳翻譯質控部編輯Susan整理,未經許可,不得轉載。
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